Russia has the money to make a $100m payment and is willing to pay, but sanctions made it impossible to get the sum to international creditors.
The Kremlin had been determined to avoid the default, which is a major blow to the nation's prestige.
The Russian finance minister branded the situation "a farce".
The $100m interest payment was due on 27 May. Russia says the money was sent to Euroclear, a bank which would then distribute the payment to investors.
But that payment has been stuck there, according to Bloomberg News, and creditors have not received it.
Meanwhile, some Taiwanese holders of Russian bonds denominated in euros have not received interest payments, according to the Reuters news agency, which cited two sources.
The money had not arrived within 30 days of the due date, that is, Sunday evening, and so is considered a default.
Euroclear would not say if the payment had been blocked, but said it adhered to all sanctions.
Although default is a symbolic blow, it will have few immediate practical consequences for Russia.
Defaulting nations usually find it impossible to borrow any more money, but Russia is already in effect barred from borrowing in Western markets by sanctions.
In any case, it is reportedly earning about $1bn a day from fossil fuel exports, and Russian Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said in April the country had no plans to borrow more.
The default will trigger repayments on a large chunk of Russia's debt, according to Chris Weafer, former chief strategist at Russia largest bank Sberbank-CIB and chief executive at Moscow-based consultancy Macro Advisory.
"Some parts of that debt will now become automatically due because there will be early repayment clauses in all debt instruments so if you default on one it usually triggers the immediate demand for payment on the other debts, so Russia could certainly face immediate debt repayment of about $20bn at this stage," he told the BBC's Today programme.
The last time Russia defaulted on its foreign debt was in 1918, during the Bolshevik Revolution when the new communist leader Vladimir Lenin refused to pay the debts of the Russian Empire.
Russia's last debt default of any kind was in 1998 as the country was rocked by the rouble crisis during the chaotic end of Boris Yeltsin's regime. At the time Moscow failed to keep up payments on its domestic bonds but managed not to default on its overseas debt.
Russia has seemed on an inevitable path to default since sanctions were first imposed by the US and European Union following the invasion of Ukraine.
These restricted the country's access to the international banking networks which would process payments from Russia to investors around the world.
Mr Weafer said that while the default would have no short or medium-term impact on Russia, because it is reaping revenue from selling high-priced commodities such as oil, he said it would create a "legacy" problem if the situation with Ukraine and the resultant sanctions improves.
"This is the sort of action that will hang over the economy and make recovery much more difficult when we get to that stage," he said.
Takahide Kiuchi, executive economist at the Nomura Research Institute told the BBC he did not expect a Russian debt default to have a major impact on the global markets because investors had been expecting it.
However, he believes the combination of a foreign debt default and international sanctions will have a severe effect on the country's economy.
"In the short-term the Russian economy is expected to go into recession, contracting by around 10% this year," Mr Kiuchi said.
"Looking further forward, the country will struggle to grow its economy as it may not be able to borrow money from overseas for decades, possibly up to 30 years."
The Russian government has said it wants to make all of its payments on time, and up until now it had succeeded.
About $40bn of Russia's debts are denominated in dollars or euros, with around half held outside the country.
Default seemed inevitable when the US Treasury decided not to renew the special exemption in sanctions rules allowing investors to receive interest payments from Russia, which expired on 25 May.
The Kremlin now appears to have accepted this inevitability too, decreeing on 23 June stating that all future debt payments would be made in roubles through a Russian bank, the National Settlements Depository, even when contracts state they should be in dollars or other international currencies.
Mr Siluanov admitted foreign investors would "not be able to receive" the payments, according to the RIA Novosti news agency.
This was for two reasons, he said. "The first is that foreign infrastructure - correspondent banks, settlement and clearing systems, depositories - are prohibited from conducting any operations related to Russia. The second is that foreign investors are expressly prohibited from receiving payments from us."
Because Russia wants to pay and has plenty of money to do it, he denied that this amounts to a genuine default, which usually occur when governments refuse to pay, or their economies are so weak that they cannot find the money.
"Everyone in the know understands that this is not a default at all," RIA Novosti quoted him. "This whole situation looks like a farce."
-- Courtesy of BBC World